diff --git a/src/cmd/builtin/builtin.c b/src/cmd/builtin/builtin.c
index 437f129bc..c77ce3c7a 100644
--- a/src/cmd/builtin/builtin.c
+++ b/src/cmd/builtin/builtin.c
@@ -25,3 +25,8 @@
  */
 
 #include <cmd.h>
+
+// @lkoutsofios added to prevent this file from being optimized out
+int _do_not_opt_out (void) {
+    sfprintf (sfstderr, "unreachable");
+}
diff --git a/src/cmd/ksh93/edit/emacs.c b/src/cmd/ksh93/edit/emacs.c
index 60700a44c..bf13af68c 100644
--- a/src/cmd/ksh93/edit/emacs.c
+++ b/src/cmd/ksh93/edit/emacs.c
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ static int escape(register Emacs_t* ep,register genchar *out,int count)
 			else if(i=='=' || (i=='\\' && out[cur-1]=='/'))
 			{
 				draw(ep,REFRESH);
-				if(count>0)
+				if(count>0 || i=='\\')
 					ep->ed->e_tabcount=0;
 				else
 				{
diff --git a/src/cmd/pax/file.c b/src/cmd/pax/file.c
index c3c6b2343..6c2c05d0c 100644
--- a/src/cmd/pax/file.c
+++ b/src/cmd/pax/file.c
@@ -1183,14 +1183,19 @@ setfile(register Archive_t* ap, register File_t* f)
 			int		m;
 			struct stat	st;
 
-			if (lchmod(f->name, f->perm & state.modemask))
-				error(1, "%s: cannot chmod to %s", f->name, fmtmode(f->perm & state.modemask, 0) + 1);
-			else if (m = f->perm & (S_ISUID|S_ISGID|S_ISVTX))
+			if (lstat(f->name, &st))
+				error(1, "%s: not found", f->name);
+			else if ((f->perm ^ st.st_mode) & state.modemask & (S_ISUID|S_ISGID|S_ISVTX|S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IXUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IWGRP|S_IXGRP|S_IROTH|S_IWOTH|S_IXOTH))
 			{
-				if (lstat(f->name, &st))
-					error(1, "%s: not found", f->name);
-				else if (m ^= (st.st_mode & (S_ISUID|S_ISGID|S_ISVTX)))
-					error(1, "%s: mode %s not set", f->name, fmtmode(m, 0) + 1);
+				if (lchmod(f->name, f->perm & state.modemask))
+					error(1, "%s: cannot chmod to %s", f->name, fmtmode(f->perm & state.modemask, 0) + 1);
+				else if (m = f->perm & (S_ISUID|S_ISGID|S_ISVTX))
+				{
+					if (lstat(f->name, &st))
+						error(1, "%s: not found", f->name);
+					else if (m ^= (st.st_mode & (S_ISUID|S_ISGID|S_ISVTX)))
+						error(1, "%s: mode %s not set", f->name, fmtmode(m, 0) + 1);
+				}
 			}
 		}
 #endif
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/comp/realpath.c b/src/lib/libast/comp/realpath.c
index 54c87033c..3ecf6cd41 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/comp/realpath.c
+++ b/src/lib/libast/comp/realpath.c
@@ -44,5 +44,10 @@ extern int		resolvepath(const char*, char*, size_t);
 extern char*
 realpath(const char* file, char* path)
 {
+	// @lkoutsofios path may be NULL
+	if (!path) {
+	    	if (!(path = malloc (PATH_MAX)))
+        		return NULL;
+	}
 	return resolvepath(file, path, PATH_MAX) > 0 ? path : (char*)0;
 }
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/features/stdio b/src/lib/libast/features/stdio
index 075638342..b32389399 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/features/stdio
+++ b/src/lib/libast/features/stdio
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ cat{
 	#define _FILE_DEFINED	1
 	#define _FILE_defined	1
 	#define _FILEDEFED	1
-	#define __FILE_defined  1
-	#define ____FILE_defined    1
 
 	#ifndef __FILE_TAG
 	#define __FILE_TAG	_sfio_s
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/features/vmalloc b/src/lib/libast/features/vmalloc
index b3cc2d0d2..787ccb8b6 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/features/vmalloc
+++ b/src/lib/libast/features/vmalloc
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ tst	malloc_hook note{ gnu malloc hooks work }end execute{
 	        __realloc_hook = test_realloc_hook;
 	}
 
-	void    (*__malloc_initialize_hook)(void) = test_initialize_hook;
+	typeof (__malloc_initialize_hook) __malloc_initialize_hook = test_initialize_hook;
 
 	int main()
 	{
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/include/ast.h b/src/lib/libast/include/ast.h
index db7ee1987..d8cc9d314 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/include/ast.h
+++ b/src/lib/libast/include/ast.h
@@ -58,21 +58,9 @@ struct _sfio_s;
 #ifndef	__FILE_typedef
 #define __FILE_typedef	1
 #endif
-#ifndef	_FILE_DEFINED
-#define _FILE_DEFINED   1
-#endif
-#ifndef	_FILE_defined
-#define _FILE_defined   1
-#endif
 #ifndef _FILEDEFED
 #define _FILEDEFED	1
 #endif
-#ifndef __FILE_defined
-#define __FILE_defined  1
-#endif
-#ifndef ____FILE_defined
-#define ____FILE_defined  1
-#endif
 #endif
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/include/ast_std.h b/src/lib/libast/include/ast_std.h
index c50fd5462..5250c2f01 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/include/ast_std.h
+++ b/src/lib/libast/include/ast_std.h
@@ -76,6 +76,25 @@ struct _sfio_s;
 #undef	FILE
 #endif
 
+#ifndef FILE
+#ifndef _SFIO_H
+struct _sfio_s;
+#endif
+#define FILE            struct _sfio_s
+#ifndef __FILE_typedef
+#define __FILE_typedef  1
+#endif
+#ifndef _FILEDEFED
+#define _FILEDEFED      1
+#endif
+#ifndef ____FILE_defined
+#define ____FILE_defined 1
+#endif
+#ifndef __FILE_defined
+#define __FILE_defined 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
 /* locale stuff */
 
 #if !_hdr_locale
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfflsbuf.c b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfflsbuf.c
index 36d78dc58..c68a3e872 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfflsbuf.c
+++ b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfflsbuf.c
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ int	c;	/* if c>=0, c is also written out */
 		isall = SFISALL(f,isall);
 		if((w = SFWR(f,data,n,f->disc)) > 0)
 		{	if((n -= w) > 0) /* save unwritten data, then resume */
-				memcpy((char*)f->data,(char*)data+w,n);
+				memmove((char*)f->data,(char*)data+w,n);
 			written += w;
 			f->next = f->data+n;
 			if(c < 0 && (!isall || n == 0))
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfmove.c b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfmove.c
index 9e3965750..3b2f0cd28 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfmove.c
+++ b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfmove.c
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ reg int		rc;	/* record separator */
 		{	/* move left-over to read stream */
 			if(w > fr->size)
 				w = fr->size;
-			memcpy((Void_t*)fr->data,(Void_t*)cp,w);
+			memmove((Void_t*)fr->data,(Void_t*)cp,w);
 			fr->endb = fr->data+w;
 			if((w = endb - (cp+w)) > 0)
 				(void)SFSK(fr,(Sfoff_t)(-w),SEEK_CUR,fr->disc);
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ reg int		rc;	/* record separator */
 		{	if(direct == SF_WRITE)
 				fw->next += r;
 			else if(r <= (fw->endb-fw->next) )
-			{	memcpy((Void_t*)fw->next,(Void_t*)next,r);
+			{	memmove((Void_t*)fw->next,(Void_t*)next,r);
 				fw->next += r;
 			}
 			else if((w = SFWRITE(fw,(Void_t*)next,r)) != r)
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfpool.c b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfpool.c
index dbfc045d4..2efb5710f 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfpool.c
+++ b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfpool.c
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ int		n;	/* current position in pool	*/
 			else	/* write failed, recover buffer then quit */
 			{	if(w > 0)
 				{	v -= w;
-					memcpy(head->data,(head->data+w),v);
+					memmove(head->data,(head->data+w),v);
 				}
 				head->next = head->data+v;
 				goto done;
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ int		n;	/* current position in pool	*/
 
 		/* move data from head to f */
 		if((head->data+k) != f->data )
-			memcpy(f->data,(head->data+k),v);
+			memmove(f->data,(head->data+k),v);
 		f->next = f->data+v;
 	}
 
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfrd.c b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfrd.c
index 09a493ca2..e82b7d6c8 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfrd.c
+++ b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfrd.c
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ Sfdisc_t*	disc;
 				if(buf)
 				{	if(n > (size_t)(r-a))
 						n = (ssize_t)(r-a);
-					memcpy(buf,f->next,n);
+					memmove(buf,f->next,n);
 					f->next += n;
 				}
 				else	n = f->endb - f->next;
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfread.c b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfread.c
index a3aed9776..662889430 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfread.c
+++ b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfread.c
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ size_t		n;	/* number of bytes to be read. 	*/
 		{	if(r > (ssize_t)n)
 				r = (ssize_t)n;
 			if(s != f->next)
-				memcpy(s, f->next, r);
+				memmove(s, f->next, r);
 			f->next += r;
 			s += r;
 			n -= r;
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfvscanf.c b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfvscanf.c
index a757c2f91..24276d621 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfvscanf.c
+++ b/src/lib/libast/sfio/sfvscanf.c
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ Void_t*		mbs;	/* multibyte parsing state	*/
 	/* shift left data so that there will be more room to back up on error.
 	   this won't help streams with small buffers - c'est la vie! */
 	if(sc->d > sc->f->data && (n = sc->endd - sc->d) > 0 && n < SFMBMAX)
-	{	memcpy(sc->f->data, sc->d, n);
+	{	memmove(sc->f->data, sc->d, n);
 		if(sc->f->endr == sc->f->endb)
 			sc->f->endr = sc->f->data+n;
 		if(sc->f->endw == sc->f->endb)
diff --git a/src/lib/libast/vmalloc/malloc.c b/src/lib/libast/vmalloc/malloc.c
index ae77a2212..90b0336ab 100644
--- a/src/lib/libast/vmalloc/malloc.c
+++ b/src/lib/libast/vmalloc/malloc.c
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ static void vm_initialize_hook(void)
 	__realloc_hook = vm_realloc_hook;
 }
 
-void	(*__malloc_initialize_hook)(void) = vm_initialize_hook;
+typeof (__malloc_initialize_hook) __malloc_initialize_hook = vm_initialize_hook;
 
 #if 0 /* 2012-02-29 this may be needed to cover shared libs */
 
diff --git a/src/lib/libcmd/tail.c b/src/lib/libcmd/tail.c
index ce52f9f3d..c8df4ba3b 100644
--- a/src/lib/libcmd/tail.c
+++ b/src/lib/libcmd/tail.c
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  */
 
 static const char usage[] =
-"+[-?\n@(#)$Id: tail (AT&T Research) 2012-06-19 $\n]"
+"+[-?\n@(#)$Id: tail (AT&T Research) 2012-10-10 $\n]"
 USAGE_LICENSE
 "[+NAME?tail - output trailing portion of one or more files ]"
 "[+DESCRIPTION?\btail\b copies one or more input files to standard output "
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ b_tail(int argc, char** argv, Shbltin_t* context)
 	Tail_t*			files;
 	Tv_t			tv;
 
-	cmdinit(argc, argv, context, ERROR_CATALOG, 0);
+	cmdinit(argc, argv, context, ERROR_CATALOG, ERROR_NOTIFY);
 	for (;;)
 	{
 		switch (n = optget(argv, usage))
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ b_tail(int argc, char** argv, Shbltin_t* context)
 		{
 			if (n)
 				n = 0;
-			else if (sh_checksig(context) || tvsleep(&tv, NiL))
+			else if (sh_checksig(context) || tvsleep(&tv, NiL) && sh_checksig(context))
 			{
 				error_info.errors++;
 				break;
@@ -686,11 +686,13 @@ b_tail(int argc, char** argv, Shbltin_t* context)
 					{
 						i = 3;
 						while (--i && stat(fp->name, &st))
-							if (sh_checksig(context) || tvsleep(&tv, NiL))
+							if (sh_checksig(context))
 							{
 								error_info.errors++;
 								goto done;
 							}
+							else
+								tvsleep(&tv, NiL);
 						if (i && (fp->dev != st.st_dev || fp->ino != st.st_ino) && !init(fp, 0, 0, flags, &format))
 						{
 							if (!(flags & SILENT))
diff --git a/src/lib/libexpr/expr.h b/src/lib/libexpr/expr.h
index d5ec61b43..24fda222b 100644
--- a/src/lib/libexpr/expr.h
+++ b/src/lib/libexpr/expr.h
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@
 #include <exparse.h>
 #if defined(YYSTYPE) || defined(yystype)
 #define EXSTYPE		YYSTYPE
+#else
+#if defined(YYSTYPE) || defined(YYSTYPE_IS_DECLARED)
+#define EXSTYPE		YYSTYPE
+#endif
 #endif
 #endif